Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) is a real-time, surface sensitive technique for analyzing surface-interaction phenomena, thin film formation and layer properties. QCM-D measures the frequency change and the frequency dissipation that occurs when a material is adsorbed to an oscillating sensor surface. QCM-D provides real-time information about the mass, thickness, shear modulus, and viscosity of the adsorbed layers.